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One of the most confusing things about being diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer is choosing if and how to treat it. Unlike other cancers that have one or two standard treatment options, acceptable approaches for prostate cancer are more numerous. Each has different pros and cons and the decision about how to proceed needs to be customized to each man, depending on his age, his general health, and the severity of his early prostate cancer. Treatment options · Radical prostatectomy is the surgical procedure that removes the prostate gland. The operation is traditionally performed through a vertical incision made in the pelvis. The man needs to be admitted to the hospital and recover for several days. The most worrisome potential long term side effects are urinary incontinence and impotence. A new technology is available: robotic laparoscopic prostatectomy. This method entails making five small incisions instead of one larger one. The recovery is expected to be faster and easier than with the traditional procedure. · Radiation therapy has a cure rate comparable to that of surgery. The two forms of radiation therapy are external beam and brachytherapy, pronounced bray-kee-ther-uh-pee. o External Beam Radiation Therapy entails the use of a radiation treatment machine, most commonly, a linear accelerator. Using sophisticated treatment planning computers and devices built into the linear accelerator, the radiation beams deliver a very precise dose of radiation to the intended area while sparing the normal surrounding structures, such as the rectum and bladder. By using 3-D conformal radiation therapy, the radiation beams conform to, or match the shape of the tumor. Intensity modulated radiation therapy, also known as IMRT, is a refinement of 3-D conformal radiation therapy. It uses multiple, tiny beamlets, instead of a single radiation beam. IMRT beamlets can be understood by visualizing it as multiple, tiny mosaic tiles of different hues of blue; the tumor receives the dark blue beamlets, whereas the tissue near the rectum and bladder receives the beamlets of the palest shade of blue. This way, the intensity of each tiny beamlet is modulated. IMRT has enabled radiation oncologists to deliver much higher doses of radiation therapy to the prostate with fewer complications to the rectum, resulting in higher cure rates. Temporary and early side effects include the need to urinate frequently, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fatigue, which is usually not severe. Side effects that can develop months to years later include urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, albeit a significantly lower incidence than with surgery. With the advent of IMRT, the risk of rectal injury that can cause rectal bleeding is uncommon. o Prostate Seed Implants introduce multiple radioactive pellets smaller than grains of rice into the prostate gland. The prostate gland then receives a substantial dose of radiation, but the surrounding tissues receive virtually none. This option is very attractive to men who are concerned about maintaining potency. Also, for men who do not have a significant risk of the cancer penetrating through the capsule that envelopes the prostate, a prostate seed implant can serve as the only form of therapy. However, men whose tumors fall into a higher risk category cannot be treated solely with a prostate seed implant, and need to supplement it with external beam radiation therapy, albeit a briefer course of treatment than in men who receive only external beam radiation therapy. The disadvantages of brachytherapy include the fact that the radioactive seeds take several weeks to decay to the level of background radiation; during this time, men need to refrain from getting close to pregnant women and small children. Also, there is a low risk of rectal irritation in the short and long run. Infrequently, the need to urinate frequently can persist. Incontinence and impotence are relatively rare. The risk of a channel forming between the urinary tract and the rectum, also known as a rectal fistula, can cause urine to leak through the rectum. This complication is rare, fortunately, and can be repaired surgically. · Cryosurgery involves freezing the prostate tissue with liquid nitrogen. Via the guidance of an ultrasound probe inserted in the rectum, needles are guided into the prostate, by piercing the skin between the scrotum and the anus. Short term side effects include blood in the urine for several days, soreness of the surgical area, swelling of the penis and scrotum, urinary burning, and frequency of urine and bowel movements. Late complications include nerve damage that can result in impotence and rarely, the formation of a fistula. Also, the long-term success rate is not well known. · Hormone Therapy is also known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Prostate cancer thrives on testosterone. By depleting testosterone, prostate cancer cells die. ADT has never been demonstrated to be a curative modality, but it is useful in holding the disease at bay for some time. Its other role is in shrinking the prostate prior to surgery or radiation therapy. Side effects are those of “male menopause”, such as hot flashes, weight gain, decreased mental acuity and depression. Other potential adverse effects include osteoporosis, anemia, breast enlargement, fatigue, diminished good cholesterol and loss of muscle mass. · Watchful waiting is a reasonable choice for men who have a short life expectancy, as well as for those men who have very slowly growing prostate cancer and will most likely not die from prostate cancer but rather, from some other more life threatening problem. The down side of watchful waiting is the psychological implication that the man’s mortality is looming ahead of him. Although no active treatment is given, men are still followed with digital rectal exams, PSA levels and possibly, transrectal ultrasounds of the prostate. However, with low risk prostate cancer in an elderly man, this might be a fine option. Apparently the spectrum of treatment options is vast, and ranges from doing nothing to undergoing radical surgery. To make the best decision for himself, a man should know his treatment options based on his individual situation and lifestyle. Then, he will be empowered by knowledge as he embarks on his journey into the world of medical opinions. Finally, he should choose an experienced specialist to ultimately treat and follow him. For more information about radiation therapy, check out http://www.ASTRO.org, the official website of ASTRO, The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. Copyright 2006 by Carol L. Kornmehl. All rights reserved. herbal penis enlarement vimax penis enlargement procedure penile enlargement fact vimax penis enlargement stretcher pro fitness health solution best enlargement exercise penile com enlargement penis penis pump penis enlargement

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A brief introduction to the herpes simplex viruses The herpes simplex viruses [HSV] are DNA viruses and are of two types, HSV1 and HSV2. Both of them are capable of producing identical lesions. HSV1 Affections The HSV1 has an affinity for the upper part of the body producing oropharyngeal, cutaneous, and ocular lesions such as herpes labialis, gingivostomatitis, and keratoconjunctivitis, the reason being that this virus remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion. HSV2 Affections . HSV2 on the other hand affects the lower half of the body producing genital lesions and also producing neuralgias along the genitocrural, femoral, and obturator nerves because it tends to remain dormant in the sacral ganglion. Herpetic whitlow or nailbed infection, meningitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, etc. are rarely seen manifestations of the virus and tend to occur only in the immunocompromised individuals. An insight into the science of Homeopathy Homeopathy is the science of healing which is based on the principle of similars. According to this, a substance capable of inducing a particular set of symptoms in a healthy person is capable of treating the very same set of symptoms if seen in a diseased individual. The foresight of the Discoverer of Homeopathy Two hundred years ago when Dr. Hahnemann discovered it, there were no microscopes and microbes were not known of. In fact it was he who speculated that there must be certain virulent particles capable of causing disease. He realized that to every stimulus, be it internal or external, the body first allows itself to be acted upon which he termed the primary action. Following this, the body reacts opposite to this primary action and that he called the secondary action. Action of Homeopathic medicines It is now that it is understood that the homeopathic medicines act as immune-modulators that induce an artificial disease in the body that is similar to the natural disease but a bit stronger. The body’s secondary response to this artificially induced disease fights off the artificial as well as the natural disease. Also, the process of potentization of the homeopathic remedies converts them into bioenergetic vibrionic medicines that act subtly upon the body’s energy reserves so as to restore the homeostasis between the positive and negative forces. Homeopathy follows the Nature’s law of cure Thus, while modern medicine aims at attacking the virus directly, homeopathy stimulates the vitality and boosts the defense mechanisms to combat and eliminate the virus. In this way, homeopathy follows the nature’s law of cure. Modern Medicines for the viral infection Modern medicine has little to offer for any viral infection except for vaccination which in fact had been borrowed from the homeopathic principle of isopathy itself where the individual’s immunity was exposed to diluted fragments of the microbe or the attenuated microbe itself so as to evoke an immunological reaction against that very same microbe when attacked by the latter naturally. Other medicines try to prevent the replication of the viruses but are only partly successful and helpless against the frequently mutating strains of the virions. Homeopathy for the viral infection Homeopathy on the other hand has an answer for any condition and any infection because “It doesn’t treat the disease in the person but the person in disease,” the entire approach being holistic and wholistic if I may say so. Individualization is the most important feature of homeopathy and we as homeopaths draw a conceptual image of the patient and study the psychosomatospiritual dynamics of every case taking the patient’s past, present and probable future into consideration. With our theory of miasms that talks about the attributes and manifestations of a particular category of people and similarly by taking into account the person’s constitutional type, temperament, and susceptibility, we can predict a lot about the prognosis of the disease in that particular individual. I will go into more details of these as I give you more examples. Homeopathy for the manifestations of herpes simplex in general Unlike the other schools of medicine where, the more the symptoms and the more the organs involved, more are the medicines given, homeopathy looks out for those remedies which cover the case in totality. The classical homeopaths give a single remedy known as the constitutional similimum only whereas some others give the constitutional drug along with other organ specific remedies or biochemical tissue salts to facilitate faster recovery. For example: A person with herpetic keratoconjunctivitis, anxious disposition, nervous diarrhea, and marked craving for sugar might require a remedy called Argentum nitricum; whereas, another individual who has a violent temper, a tendency to recurrent ulcers in the mouth, with craving for ice and icy cold drinks with the same herpetic keratoconjunctivitis could probably require a remedy called Mercurius solubilis. A third person with herpes labialis and keratoconjunctivitis but with a reserved disposition, craving for salt, severe constipation and sun headaches would mostly need a few doses of Natrum muriaticum to treat the malady. Thus you can understand the finer intricacies behind a logical homeopathic prescription. A lot of thinking goes into the selection of the potency of the remedy too, depending upon the age, gender, weight, build, sensitivity, susceptibility, immunity, pathology, etc. Herpes simplex in men In men, herpes simplex manifests in the form of balanoposthitis, i.e. the inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce. The outbreaks are typically circumscribed lesions with burning, itching, tingling, and dull pain or irritation. If the lesions are very close to the urethra, there could be pain and burning even during the passage of urine. Secondary bacterial infections may lead to pus formation also. In the case of homosexual men, anorectal lesions are produced due to the practice of anal sex. Homeopathic remedies in men Homeopathic remedies like Nitric acidum, Mezereum, and Cinnabaris are specifics. Even the nosodes prepared from the Herpes simplex viruses themselves are very useful and act as microvaccines to boost the immunity against these viruses. Herpes simplex in women This infection manifests frequently as vulvovaginitis with itching, burning, irritation and leucorrheal discharge. It rarely leads to dysplastic changes within the cervix of the uterus, which is considered precancerous. Homeopathic remedies in women In such cases, homeopathic remedies like Vespa and Kreosotum. Women have to be very careful if they are pregnant. In fact having genital lesions at around the time of delivery is one of the indications to go in for a caesarian section in order to prevent the spread of the infection to the baby. In any case, constitutional treatment is advisable even along with specific medications as it is known to remove many of the hindrances to recovery. Combination therapies for the treatment of herpes simplex Combination therapies consisting of Homeopathics, naturopathics, ayurvedics, and Tibetan herbs can be used in various formulations so as to raise the immune status on one side whilst relieving the symptoms simultaneously. HE, the ALMIGHTY who cures Alternative non-medicinal healing methods like Reiki, Yoga, Accupressure, Accupuncture, Sintergetica healing, and many such techniques along with the right diet and regimen can help to a very great extent and potentiate the therapeutic powers of any medicine. I believe that all diseases can be cured but not all people can be cured because every disease is karmic in nature and every suffering is predestined. We doctors can only treat, whereas, it is HE, the ALMIGHTY who cures. We have to put in our best efforts and leave the rest to HIM. pennis enlargement surgery cost homemade penile enlargement home penis enargement pro fitness health solution penis enhancement patch pnis enlargement operation compare penis enargement pills penile enlargment product penis enlagement secret

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Dozens of women enter our health store every week with symptoms of unbalanced hormones. Some have tried many things, including the traditional medical approach of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), and haven’t achieved their desired results. So, often as a last resort, they come to our store. Having been through major hormonal imbalance some years ago, and a person who searches until answers are found, I have answers for them. Natural Progesterone Cream is where I always begin. We live in an estrogen dominant society where symptoms seemed to be the norm. Actually, when a woman is hormonally balanced, there are no symptoms! But I bet you thought cramping, bloating, headaches, mood swings or hot flashes are what you should expect; that’s just being a woman. Not so! What is Estrogen Dominance? Due to our environment, diet, stress, and lifestyle choices, we have become an estrogen dominant society. Massive amounts of hormones, steroids and antibiotics are injected into our cattle and poultry, posing a serious health risk to all who ingest them. Consequently, the use of these substances in our meat and dairy supply, has helped to create estrogen dominance in men, women and children alike. Environmental use of petroleum products and a whole parade of chemicals have also added to an overabundance of estrogen-like substances (false estrogens) in our bodies when we use products made from these chemicals. These products include: plastics, synthetic clothing, pesticides, cosmetics, cleaning products, toiletries, food and even things like condoms. We use these things every day of our lives in multiple ways, so you can see how easy it is to become estrogen dominant. Estrogen, when out of balance in its ratio to progesterone within your body, causes many problems. Progesterone is crucially important and acts as a regulator for all other hormones in your body, and especially assists in balancing your estrogen levels. Progesterone is one of the first hormones in an entire chain of hormones, and it is necessary for the other hormones in your body to function properly, including thyroid and adrenal hormones. All of these hormones are part of the endocrine system, and your endocrine system supports and regulates every system in your body. When there is imbalance and estrogen dominance, the following symptoms can occur: • Mood swings or depression • Bloating • Headaches, even migraines • Breast soreness and swelling • Weight gain • Water retention • Fibroid tumors • Endometriosis • Cramps • Constipation • Foggy thinking • Loss of sex drive • Heavy menstruation or irregularity • Infertility • Craving for sweets • Dry skin and hair • Dark circles under eyes • Fatigue, lethargy Traditional Medical Response If you’re feeling really awful and you decide to visit your doctor, you’ll probably be given a different approach, one that uses chemicals (something that is foreign to your body and highly toxic) to possibly get rid of your present symptoms, only to trade off for maybe a half dozen other side effects. It could be a prescription of Prozac or something similar to help your mood swings and depression or a stimulant to help you lose weight. You could be given HRT or birth control pills, all synthetic hormones, to relieve your symptoms. You might actually find some relief in these approaches, but in the long run you’ll be putting yourself at a higher risk for breast and uterine cancer and a host of other possible disorders as well as addressing only symptoms rather than finding the cure. You might ask why the medical profession doesn’t acknowledge the benefits of natural, safe and effective ways to approach your imbalance. The reason is actually quite simple; they are not taught preventative medicine. They are taught in medical schools which are supported by drug companies. They are taught to get rid of symptoms with surgery or prescription drugs. But going beyond that, we know that natural remedies cannot be regulated by the FDA, which means they receive no financial benefits from people using them, especially if they correct the imbalance and the patient no longer seeks a doctor’s help. So what it all boils down to is monetary greed, and perhaps lack of awareness as to the healthier benefits of a natural approach. The beauty of it all is you have a choice. You can choose to take control of your own body and health rather than giving away that control to someone else. Why are the synthetic hormones so harmful to you? They are not even close to the progesterone your body produces. Dr. John Lee, a noted authority on the beneficial uses of Natural Progesterone Cream, has often shown in his lectures and books through diagrams, how the synthetic progestin (posing as progesterone) used as a replacement for your own natural progesterone by traditional medicine, is only one molecule away from PVC pipe! The synthetic hormones, whether estrogen or progestin, pose an increased risk for breast, cervical and endometrial cancer as well as for gall stones and heart attacks, according to various alternative medical reports. It was written that a woman who has taken HRT for a few years and is 55 years old or more has an increased risk by 80% for a stroke or heart attack. I doubt you’ve been told that by your medical professional! And you’ve probably not been told that one out of eight women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime while one out of a thousand men will also develop breast cancer in their lifetime! (Dr John Lee’s book, “What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Menopause” is a wonderful reference and source for understanding hormonal balance naturally and obtaining more information.) Benefits of Using Natural Progesterone Cream So what can using Natural Progesterone Cream do for you? Below is a list of the benefits that often occur when using Natural Progesterone Cream. • Helps use fat for energy rather than storing it • Is a natural antidepressant • Protects against fibrocystic breasts • Helps to boost thyroid action • Restores libido (sex drive) • Helps to prevent breast cancer • Improves energy and endurance • Helps to balance estrogen, testosterone and other hormones • Provides a feeling of well being • Assists in improving and even reversing osteoporosis • Balances blood sugar levels • Precursor to cortisol and DHEA – important adrenal hormones • Needed for proper function of adrenal glands To fully understand the importance of progesterone, the following list gives the effects of estrogen in your body. Do understand that estrogen is a necessary hormone for many functions, like puberty and pro-creation, but if not balanced it can create havoc in your life and body. • Increases body fat • Breast stimulation • Interferes with thyroid hormone • Decreases libido • Salt and fluid retention • Interferes with blood sugar balance • Increases risk of endometrial cancer • Stimulates growth of cells • Can cause headaches • Contributes to depression Natural progesterone therapy is being used successfully by many health care professionals around the globe to treat the symptoms of both PMS and menopause. More and more health professionals are becoming aware of the potential dangers of synthetic hormones, particularly estrogen, and we are seeing a shift to using natural approaches, particularly the use of Natural Progesterone Cream. Even though a shift has begun, we have a long way to go in convincing the main stream medical professionals of the benefits of natural remedies over chemical drugs. We have learned through modern research and documented results that progesterone can elevate hormone levels while balancing those levels, counteract bone loss, help restore adrenal and thyroid function, and even strengthen the action of the liver. Your body has the right to experience vibrant and healthy hormones in balance, and you deserve the best. The best for you will never be synthetic hormones, or anything synthetic for that matter, because your body is a vibrantly alive, energetic being who breathes the breath of life. Life can only be sustained through something alive, not synthetic! So why not simply take a pill of progesterone? Anything you take internally must go through the digestive system and be broken down. Part of that, perhaps half or more, will be lost in the process. Using progesterone cream however is readily absorbed into your body, often within seconds, and the majority of the cream is utilized by your body. You see, there are many pores in your skin that easily absorb whatever you place on your skin, making the cream the most beneficial way of a receiving a dose that is quickly and effectively used by your body. How Do You Use Natural Progesterone Cream? If you are still Menstruating Regularly and have a 28 day cycle, use the Natural Progesterone Cream from day 13 of your cycle (day 1 is the first day of your period) and discontinue it on day 27. Your period should begin the next day. Follow the directions for the amount to use according to the instructions on your container of progesterone cream. Adjust the days if your cycle is longer or shorter to where you use the cream for 14 days, beginning at the middle of your cycle. For Peri Menopause, you may begin using the Natural Progesterone Cream on day 8 and continue until day 27. If your period doesn’t start, simply wait 8 days and begin again. Menopause means you haven’t had a menses for one year. At this time you shift into using the Natural Progesterone Cream the majority of the month, but always remaining off the progesterone cream for 4 – 7 days. Why? Because your body continues to cycle even without the flow of blood. Hormones are normally low during your menses, so it is important to continue with the normal rhythm of your body and discontinue use for those few days. For me, as a postmenopausal woman, I find that if I discontinue using the progesterone cream after the last day of the month, then resume it on day 5 or 6 of the following month, I can more easily remember this since there are no more periods to calculate. Rub the Natural Progesterone Cream onto your skin morning and evening (twice daily) because it only lasts in your body 8-10 hours. Rotate where it is applied as well because different receptor sites around your body need to benefit. Apply to breasts, stomach, inside upper arms, inside and outside thighs, bottoms of feet, wrists, etc. These areas of your body can absorb easier and faster and are ideal locations for applying the progesterone cream. It might be good to rub a small amount into your adrenal gland area (right above your kidneys in your low back) and/or thyroid area (at the base of your throat) as these glands are often in need of hormonal assistance too. A container of Natural Progesterone Cream usually lasts about two months, more or less according to how much you use. Avoid purchasing a jar or pump of progesterone cream that has phyto-estrogens in it. These could be: black cohosh, dong quai, licorice, Siberian ginseng, blessed thistle. The main purpose of using the progesterone cream is to help your body balance from the excess of estrogen you presently are experiencing, so even using natural plant (phyto) estrogens simply continues the symptoms and contributes to more estrogen overload. Avoid soy as well as it is usually a processed product which makes it synthetic, and can have estrogen-like activity in your body. It is also linked to multiple digestive and allergy problems. Understand that using progesterone cream is a plus for men and women alike. Men are being exposed to multitudes of chemicals and synthetic hormones through their diet and environment just as women and children. That’s one of the reasons so many men are developing breast cancer as well as prostate cancer. Dr John Lee and other holistic health professionals suggest a man should use the progesterone cream once daily to protect his prostate glands (4 out of 5 men 50 and older will have prostate enlargement and difficulties) and to help balance all hormones in his body. Girls approaching puberty who are experiencing mood swings and irritable behavior, may also benefit from using Natural Progesterone Cream. Do understand that using Natural Progesterone Cream is not a panacea, however I believe it may very well be an adjunct for improving your health. It is always advisable to seek the help of a professional, but seek out a holistic practitioner who realizes the whole body must be taken into consideration when diagnosing and creating a remedy for an issue. My personal choice, having used it for years, is Restored Balance. buy penis enargement pills cheap penis enlagement vigrx oil cheapest penis enargement pills herbal natural penile enlargement does penis enhancement work compare penis elargement pills vimax herbal penis enlargement penis enlagement secret

Question: Dr. Vaknin – is it true that you are the father of the Law of Free Economic Zones? Answer: I participated in the dedicated and professional team, from many ministries and state organs, which prepared the law. The initiative – in collaboration with the delegation of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) – belongs to Dr. Milijana Danevska, the Minister of Development. Most of the work was done by her advisor, Ms. Zorica Doncevska long before I arrived on the scene. I did suggest a few amendments, some of which were accepted. Question: What is a free zone? Answer: There is an important distinction which the media is not aware of between FREE ZONES and FREE ZONE SITES. To quote from the law: "A free zone site represents a detached, enclosed and marked area of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia on which commercial activities are conducted under conditions prescribed by this and other laws and on which custom and other tax incentives determined by this law shall be applicable." "A Free Zone shall be established as trade associations conducting economic, technical, administrative, expert and other activities supporting the operations in the free zone sites." Question: Do other countries have free zones? Answer: Dozens of other countries have free trade zones, free industrial zones, free industrial or technology parks, customs free zones, free transhipment zones and many other types of free economic zones. Our law allows for all these types of activities to exist. It is very broad and flexible and one of the best and most complete laws I have seen. As opposed to popular opinion, free zones exist even in rich countries such as the United Kingdom or the USA (although they are not called "free zones" there). It is true, though, that to poor and middle income countries, such as Macedonia, a free zone can be an important tool for economic development. Question: Why do you use such cautious language, "can be"? Answer: Because it is never enough to have a law. What matters is how it is implemented. There are free zones in countries as diverse as the Philippines, Tunisia, Costa Rica and Taiwan. In some places they are the engine of the economic locomotive, in other they are a drag on the local economy. Question: So, the critics are right, free zones can be a bad thing? Answer: The critics are wrong. Anything that has the potential of generating investments, encouraging entrepreneurship, creating new working places, enhancing exports and improving the balance of payments – should be implemented without delay. Free zones are potentially powerful economic engines of exports and growth and employment. Would it have been wise of us to ignore their potential? Question: Can't free zones be used as tax havens, for smuggling or other criminal activities? Answer: If the free zones are run by criminals AND (this is a cumulative condition) the authorities are inefficient or corrupt – of course it can. But our law is very strict on WHO will own and run the free zones. It is also very explicit about the precise functions and procedures to be performed by the authorities intended to ensure that the free zones are not abused. Free zones will be established only where and when they can increase employment, bring new technology and know how to the country and increase exports. An average of 65% of the goods and services produced in the zones MUST be exported or the developer might lose its licence. Additionally the law says that the businesses operating in the zone must use local manpower and prefer domestic suppliers where economically feasible. Question: What is the Free Zones Directorate? Answer: This is my favourite part of the law, the one I am most proud of. We introduced, for the first time in Macedonia, not only in theory, but in practice, the concept of "One Stop Shop". All the business entities in the free zone will have one address to go to. They will no longer have to run for weeks between ministries, authorities, agencies and state organs. They will get everything they need from one central authority, from one address. All the relevant ministries and state organs will be represented there, with full authority to render all the services required by the free zones users. This is unprecedented. The ministers are worthy of the highest praise for being willing to participate in such an innovative approach. The law says: "The Free Zone Directorate shall be responsible for… granting approvals of requests of developers for the establishment of free zones; provision of supervision and management of free zone sites through its branches; coordination of the activities of state organs and authorities and public enterprises within the free zone sites; planning and developing free zone sites and making sites available to developers; public relations, advertising and promotion of free zone sites; attracting developers and users to the free zone sites; registration of businesses and structures within the free zone sites; coordination of issuance of licenses, permits and approvals where and as needed, of product quality control and the issuance of certificates of origin by the members of the Directorate; Inspection of installations and working conditions within the free zone sites; convening a labour relations committee in which all labour disputes between employees and employers in the free zone sites are to be settled; the coordination of the issuance of export and import licenses; coordination of the prevention of smuggling; coordination of the safety and security of people and property in the free zones sites; Provision and maintenance of all public goods and utilities … conducting other activities associated with the functioning of free zone sites and especially the implementation of the "one stop shop" concept of management of the free zone sites; raising the required start-up capital." Question: So, from now on, any trade association can open a free zone? Answer: Absolutely not. The developer must satisfy very strict and rigorous criteria to qualify. The law demands that it "…provide written proof of their financial ability matching their financial obligations under this Law either in the form of a performance bond or a bank document substantiating the availability of unencumbered funds in their account or audited financial statements" and "demonstrate previous experience and track record in trading or in the operating of free zone sites". The developers, in their application, must provide an environmental impact assessment, a marketing plan and a business plan or a feasibility study. And the developer loses his approval if it enters bankruptcy procedures, if it is proven that he provided false material information in his request, If he failed to build and operate the free zone site in accordance with the stipulations of this Law or failed to submit one annual report. Additionally, the developer pays 0.3% of the total turnover of the business entities in his zones. I think these are relatively reasonable terms. It will also not be that easy for the developer to do in the zone something other than what he undertook to do. Almost every substantial change requires a new approval. The law states: "Each change of a free zone shall be subject to the procedure for the establishment of a free zone … "Change" in this law shall mean: enlargement of the approved free zone site area; change in location of the free zone site; new activities are to be conducted in the approved free zone; each change in the composition of the developers (addition of new developer, change of corporate structure, take over, merger, acquisition, etc.) of the free zone; change of the period for existence of the free zone. Question: Still, inside the zone – the developer is king. Actually, it is a kind of ex-territorial area, like an embassy? Answer: I want to say it once and for all (because I heard this argument before): A free zone is NOT an ex-territorial area. It is an integral and inseparable part of Macedonia. All the domestic laws of Macedonia apply there. It simply has different rates of customs and taxes. The over-riding status of the Macedonian domestic law is stated numerous times throughout the law. One example: Article 20 says: "Free zone developers shall enact rules or pose conditions (hereunder referred to as "developer rules") under which their free zone site will be operated and activities conducted, regulate internal order and prescribe separate measures for protection of the working and living conditions and the environment. BUT… The developer rules shall not contradict all the applicable laws of the Republic of Macedonia, including their by-laws and regulations and all the international obligations of the Republic of Macedonia…. AND The developer rules shall be announced in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia after the approval given by the Free zone Directorate." Question: Aren't we offering too much by way of tax incentives? Aren't the revenues lost by the state worth more than the free zone will ever generate? Answer: It is a very narrow point of view. Tax revenues are not the only thing we should consider. What about unemployment, technology transfers, export enhancement? These are invaluable in that they can revive the economy. Compared to other free zones in other countries, we are offering mid-way concessions. We are by no means too generous. Additionally, to qualify to receive the tax incentives, the user must satisfy certain annual export quotas. It must prove that it generated NEW activities, not merely transferred activities from "mainland" Macedonia to the free zone "island". It must show that it is not involved in criminal activities or bankruptcy procedures and so on. Only then is it eligible to enjoy the tax incentives. Question: Which are? Answer: The law says it best: "Free zone users meeting the terms as in article 21 of this law shall be exempted from: Sales tax on products within the free zone site except for those products sold for final consumption within the free zone; Sales tax and VAT on goods imported into the free zone site for production purposes and for performing other approved activities in the free zone; Sales tax on services provided in the free zone immediately linked with export of goods and services; Profit tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone; Property tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone; All taxes otherwise applicable to any transfer of property or rights thereof between developers and users within the free zone. Free zone users reinvesting in the capital assets of the free zone site shall be entitled to a reduced profit tax base for the amounts invested after the expiration of the 10-year period. Free zone users shall be exempted from paying participations (contributions), taxes and other duties pertaining to use of land for construction, connection to the water supply, sewerage, heating, gas and power supply networks. Free zone land may be leased to foreign investors for a period of fifty (50) years, with a possibility to extend the term to another twenty-five (25) years, pursuant to the law. The developers of the free zone shall have the full right to sublet or rent parts of the free zones or structures thereon or rights thereof to the users." Question: Are the economic activities within the free zone restricted? Answer: Every type of economic activity is allowed EXCEPT the activities explicitly forbidden by the law. These include: the trading of decayed, rotten, expired or infected goods or waste material detrimental to the environment or not fit for human or animal consumption; radioactive materials except those which are needed for industrial, medical and scientific research purposes under a valid license from the competent authorities; drugs, chemicals and biological materials and chemical and biochemical derivatives with the exception of those used in industrial, manufacturing, medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations, according to certificates issued by the Ministry of Health; arms, munitions, weapons and military explosives; goods or services which originate from countries or firms subject to boycotts, embargoes or blockades imposed by the competent national and international organs and authorities; goods or services that violate public morals, public defence, public safety and the security of the state; goods or services that violate the domestic laws and international treaties pertaining to intellectual and commercial property; practices, services and activities in contravention or violation of treaties, laws, regulations and directives regarding the protection of the environment in Macedonia. Free zone users may apply standards, technical and quality norms of the destination country when manufacturing goods in the free zone intended for export. Free zone users may set prices for their goods and services and will not be subject to laws and regulations pertaining to prices in the Republic of Macedonia. Question: Will workers' rights be protected in such an environment? Answer: Workers' rights are protected only by a good economy. In Macedonia, we have a lot of theoretical workers' rights. But the right to work is violated by mass unemployment and by gigantic wage and pension arrears. All the employers in the free zone shall sign a collective agreement with their employees. The collective agreement will oblige the employers and the employees to settle labour dispute through arbitration or mediation. The Directorate shall set up a labour relations committee to provide the employers and the employees with an arbitration and mediation mechanism. Question: Thank you very much. Let's hope that free zones will fulfil all the expectations … Answer: I will settle for half the expectations … Thank you.